Civil casualties and collateral damage have been long considered as an undesired outcome of military activity that has to be reduced. While most of the contemporary discourse on this topic has been primarily concentrating on three main factors: the legal aspects of causing civil casualties, the impact of war on local population, and different factors of military professionalism required to avoid disproportional harm to civilians; this book asks an entirely different question. As the subject of civil casualties during military operations seems to be highly politicized, this book takes this discourse out of its usual niches and suggests that the indirect responsibility rests with the politicians and the public, which they represent. When a society, in the beginning of the 21st century, sends its troops to a battle, does it really care about the enemy civilian casualties? To answer this question, this book traces the political and cultural factors that have led to the failure of Non-Lethal Weapons – the great promise of the 1990s, which was intended to make the war significantly less lethal than it was known before. Examining three different cases, this study explains that the idea of minimizing civil casualties is no more than an illusion, and, in fact, neither politicians, nor societies, feel really stressed to change this situation.

Ofer Fridman is Lecturer in War Studies at King’s College London and the Director of Operations at the King's Centre for Strategic Communications (KCSC). His main research interests include: strategic communications, military strategy and transformation, civilian casualties in armed conflicts, Russian military culture and strategy, non-military means and methods in contemporary conflicts. His recent publications are Enemy Civilian Casualties: Politics, Culture, and Technology (Lexington Books, 2019); Russian ‘Hybrid Warfare’: Resurgence and Politicisation (Oxford UP, 2018); and Hybrid Conflicts and Information Warfare: New Titles, Old Politics co-edited with Vitaly Kabernik and James C. Pearce (Lynne Rienner, 2018). Before embarking on an academic career, Ofer served for 15 years in the Israeli Defence Forces.