King's College London

A new, greener and cheaper method to accelerate chemical reactions has been developed by scientists at King’s College London in collaboration with the University of Barcelona and ETH Zurich. Instead of using polluting and expensive metal-based catalysts, the team proved that electric fields can catalyse reactions to produce chemical compounds. The findings are published in Nature Chemistry. 

Building on research published in 2016 that proved an electric field could catalyse reactions in a nanoscale gap, the scientists from the Department of Chemistry upscaled the methodology to electrically catalyse reactions on a centimetre area electrode. This opens the way for a cleaner alternative to metal-based catalysts, potentially transforming the way chemical compounds are produced.

Accelerating chemical reactions between molecules through catalysis is fundamental to making the new materials required by a range of industries and technologies that produce high value-added products such as pharmaceuticals. Currently these reactions mainly rely on catalysts that contain precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium.

Not only are these highly expensive and environmentally damaging to extract, but the practice uses large amounts of energy, and the toxic by-products are difficult and costly to dispose of.

Enabling catalysis through electric fields enables a cheaper, more energy efficient and less pollutant solution to this problem.

Professor Ismael Diez Perez, Project Lead said, “Using electric fields as the only catalyst for chemical reactions has long been theoretically predicted. The idea came from scientists studying the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis in nature, who predicted that large electric fields within the enzyme’s active sites could be acting as a catalyst in enzymatic chemical reactions.”

Professor Diez Perez continued: "In 2016 at King’s we actually proved this theory in the lab. By exposing two reactants to a voltage-biased nanoscale gap, we created a force field that accelerates the formation of reaction product.

“Since then, we’ve developed a new technology to enable electrified chemical production on a far larger scale. We designed a microfluidic cell which creates a continuous flow of reactants that are catalysed together within an electric field. The interface of the electrodes confined within the microfluidic channel induces a chemical reaction on centimetre areas of the electrodes, producing new chemical compounds.”

Professor Diez Perez and his team believe this process could transform the pharmacological industry, which relies on the production of very fine, value-added chemical compounds, normally highly expensive to produce through traditional catalysis methods. The scientists even predict the electric field could be controlled to form pure isomeric chemical compounds – a vital step in producing drugs that bear the appropriate molecular shape for the human body to recognise.