The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Historical Collection

This web page provides a summary description of the collection and also includes information on current access arrangements and on other relevant collections held elsewhere.

Explore 500 years of world history (pdf, 1,210 KB), an introductory leaflet about the collection is available as a PDF file here.

Finding material and access to the collection

The FCDO Historical Collection principally represents the library collection of the FCDO, not the documents and records generated by its staff. The records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and of its various predecessor departments are held at the National Archives, as is the bulk of the photographic collection. Please see Other related collections elsewhere for further information.

In 2021 we received an extensive collection of diplomatic lists from the FCDO; please see this web page for further details.

The FCDO Historical Collection is primarily housed within the Foyle Special Collections Library, where it is available for consultation by King's students and staff, and members of the public. Some of the post-1945 material has now been integrated into the Maughan Library for addition to the main lending collection.

Additional handling guidelines for some items

Following advice from The National Archives (TNA), we have conducted an investigation into the historical use of organic insecticides, such as DDT, by the FCDO’s predecessor departments during much of the 20th century to prevent insect damage to books and other documents received from overseas.

Testing of relevant parts of the FCDO Historical Collection at King’s has confirmed the residual presence of DDT in a small number of items, though at low levels. An assessment by occupational hygienists has established that the risk to human health from handling such items is minimal but as a precautionary measure we have introduced some additional handling guidelines for items which might have been treated with insecticide in the past.

Further information about TNA’s own investigation and the precautionary mitigations which they have introduced can be found here. Please do not hesitate to speak to a member of Special Collections staff if you have any questions or concerns during your visit.

Using Library Search

Records for all items that have been catalogued to date can be found through the main King's Library Search facility.

There are several ways to search for material and to help you retrieve items by provenance or other related fields.

Being signed in to Library Search gives the best functionality for searching; and the homepage gives advice on how to narrow down your searches, by using scopes and by filtering searches you have made.

Using scopes

The options in the drop-down menu adjacent to the search box, called scopes, can help you find what you need.

You can choose to limit your search to Foyle Special Collections Library items from the outset (though bear in mind that this will lead to your missing potentially relevant items elsewhere in our collections).

There are two ways to do this:

• either start typing your search (e.g. 'astronomy’) in the search box and then select the Foyle Special Collections scope when it appears,
• or use the drop down menu to select this scope before you begin typing.

Both techniques will just retrieve items held in the Foyle Special Collections Library.

Similarly, if you select the 'Library Resources' scope, only the print and ebooks, audiovisual material and journals held by the campus libraries and 'Foyle Special Collections Library' will be retrieved in your searches.

Using filters

For finding material related to specific collections and former owners (eg the FCDO Historical Collection), use the 'Library Resources' scope in the drop down menu and then filter by 'Former owner in the Advanced search criteria to display records from a specific collection.

You can also use the Location drop down menu on the left hand side to identify items from specific named special collections (e.g. the FCDO Historical Collection).

Please contact us for further advice on identifying material which will assist you with your studies.

About the FCDO Historical Collection

The FCDO Historical Collection embodies in its contents not only the comprehensive scope, both chronological and geographical, of the Foreign – and later the Colonial and Dominions – Offices’ interests but the central role which their libraries, particularly that of the Foreign Office, played in the formulation of government policy. As Lord Granville, Foreign Secretary to Gladstone’s government, observed, the Foreign Office Library was the ‘pivot on which the whole machinery of the Office turned’.

History of the collection

The collections which now go to form the FCDO Historical Collection have a long and complex history. The Foreign Office Library was formally founded in 1801, with the appointment of Richard Ancell as its first librarian, but its functions and collections go back much earlier. The Foreign Office itself was formed in 1782 out of the old Northern and Southern Departments (the division was between the two areas of Europe – broadly speaking, the Protestant north and the Catholic south – with which the Departments dealt), which themselves dated back to the reign of Charles I.

The Commonwealth Office, meanwhile, was formed only in 1966 from the former Commonwealth Relations Office (itself founded in 1947 from the combined Dominions Office and India Office) and Colonial Office. Material from the Colonial Office, itself formally established as a separate government department in 1854, and from the Dominions Office, which branched off from it in 1925, form a major component of the FCDO Historical Collection.

Prior to the formation of the Colonial Office in 1854 responsibility for colonial matters had lain with the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (from 1801), with the Council for Trade and Plantations (from 1768) and with the Council of Foreign Plantations (from 1660). Finally, in 1968, the combined FCO was formed and the separate libraries amalgamated.

Scope of the collection

Lewis Hertslet, Librarian from 1810 to 1857, observed that ‘there is no divisible period in our foreign affairs, nor any limit to our researches’, and the comprehensive nature of the collection is one of its most immediately striking features. All countries and peoples of the world are covered extensively and all post-medieval periods of history. History, government, geography, natural resources, trade, anthropology – all are dealt with in depth.

Naturally, there is a particular emphasis on those parts of the world where Britain had strategic interests – Western Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, North America in the 18th century, for example – but there is no part of the world that is not covered.

Material from the former Colonial Office Library provides superb coverage of the UK’s former colonies and dominions, but there is also much on those of the other major powers; there is material on the Belgian Congo, on German imperial ambitions in Africa and on France’s Indian Ocean possessions, to give just three examples.  

Foreign Office Library

For much of its history, the Foreign Office Library fulfilled functions over and above those normally assigned to a library. The Librarian not only acquired, documented and managed collections of books and papers; he maintained the correspondence files of the Foreign Office, had custody of all treaties with foreign powers, undertook research on all aspects of international affairs at the request of ministers and others, provided guidance as to precedent in affairs of state and was the author of numerous reports and memoranda on international affairs (producing up to 300 a year by the late 19th century).

He was, in short, as Lewis Hertslet was described by one Foreign Secretary, ‘a Walking State Paper’, who had a considerable influence on British foreign policy. This helps to explain another notable feature of the collection, the large amount of manuscript annotation. The entire collection – and this applies to Colonial Office, as well as to Foreign Office material – was very much a working tool of government.

Internal documents and publications

Both the Foreign Office and the Colonial Office were major producers of documents in their own right, and the presence of so many internal publications is another defining feature of the collection. These include rulebooks for colonial officials, confidential reports of civil unrest in the colonies, transcripts of trials, peace treaties, reports on trade figures, mineral resources or educational policy in the colonies and dominions and so on. Most of these items are extremely rare, with copies held in maybe one or two other libraries – many are unrecorded elsewhere.

The collection holds large volumes of parliamentary papers of interest to the Foreign Office and those relating to Great Britain’s colonies, all arranged chronologically by year, and commercial reports by secretaries of legations (1858–1886).

Pamphlets and press cuttings

Also of rarity are the extensive holdings of bound volumes of printed pamphlets on particular themes; for topics such as the rise of the anti-slavery movement and the history of colonial settlement and emigration the FCDO Historical Collection forms a unique resource for the historian. The collection brings together thousands of pamphlets that would otherwise be difficult to obtain, many of them bearing evidence, through manuscript annotation, of the use to which they were put by government.

A number of the more recent pamphlets held in the collection are available in digitised format through the FCDO Historians webpage, which contains documents published by them from the past 25 years.

The University of Manchester Special Collections also holds the pre-1920 volumes of the FCDO pamphlet collection, with information about this important complementary resource available from the University of Manchester pamphlet collection.

Of equal interest to the historian are the large volumes of press cuttings, arranged by subject and copiously indexed, covering the First World War, the Russian Revolution and Civil War and other events of the early 20th century, and the equally large volumes in which Colonial Office librarians amassed material connected with the British Empire exhibition of 1924 and with the coronation of George VI in 1937 and Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 – circulars and confidential despatches, official programmes and souvenir booklets and photographs sent by commissioners from around the globe.

Periodicals

The FCDO Periodicals collection spans the 17th to the 20th century and contains some rare series that, to the best of our knowledge, are not found elsewhere in the UK. The online exhibition Highlights of the FCDO periodicals collection focuses on a selection of journals that show the different strengths of the collection.

The Maori messenger (Auckland, 1855–60), for example, was an illustrated magazine of news, religious articles and poetry published by the Native Office of the colonial government of New Zealand, the text printed in parallel columns of English and Maori. Some sample pages are available to view in our online exhibition.

Equally uncommon is The Falkland Islands magazine (Port Stanley, 1899–1933), founded by Lowther Edward Brandon, Dean of Christ Church Cathedral in the Falkland Islands. Brandon, who also founded the islands’ first savings bank and established a Sunday school, typeset the early issues of the magazine himself. It follows the standard format of a parish magazine, and includes advertisements, details of church services, births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, attendance figures and details of Brandon’s itinerary. It is also full of information useful to the local community, on such matters as libraries, concerts, schools, recreation, court cases and shipping news. A sample issue is available to view in our online exhibition.

Pre-1701 items

Many of the pre-1701 items in the collection were part of the original Foreign Office Library collection. They mirror the great variety of subjects, languages and genres contained in the later items in the collection and also reflect the broad-mindedness of its early compilers.

Anything that could give the reader an insight into a foreign country, its political system, its inhabitants and their customs was collected, be it in English, French, Italian, Spanish or Latin. Sometimes the same item was collected in several languages, like Adam Brand’s A journal of an embassy from Their Majesties John and Peter Alexowits, emperors of Muscovy, &c. into China (1698), of which there is also another copy in French (1699).

A wide range of subjects are covered. Law is particularly well represented with titles such as the Law and Acts of Scotland (1683 and 1707), the Charter of London granted by King Charles II (1680) and a book containing the Treaties of Nijmegen (1697). There are also a significant number of books covering history and politics, including John Milton’s History of Britain (1695), Pierre Bontier’s Histoire de la premiere descouverte et conqueste des Canaries (1630), Gasparo Contarini’s La republica e i magistrati di Vinegia (1564) and Cardinal Mazarin’s Letters in French (1693).

The collection’s geographical scope is as wide. Books covering European countries were collected side by side with items on such faraway places as Macaçar, a kingdom which was situated in the southern part of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Travel descriptions and memoirs, e.g. Barnardin Martin’s Voyages faits en divers temps en Espagne, en Portugal, en Allemagne, en France et ailleurs (1700), Robert Knox’s Relation ou voyage de l'isle de Ceylan, dans les Indes orientales (1693) or Madame d’ Aulnoy’s Memoirs of the court of Spain (1692) were collected alongside tracts on courtesy and diplomacy like John Finet’s book on the reception and the treatment of foreign ambassadors in England (1656) or Le parfait courtisan by Baldassare Castiglione (1585).

Rare and unique items

A high proportion of items catalogued appear to be unique to King’s. Some of these are manuscripts, which of course are by definition unique. These include: a volume of watercolour sketches of plants grown in the Royal Botanic Garden at Pamplemousses, Mauritius, and sent to the Colonial Office in 1829 by the Garden’s curator John Newman; and a number of manuscript accounts relating to early British exploration and settlement in Australia, such as the explorer John Oxley’s reports of the two expeditions he made in 1817 and 1818 to track the courses of the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers.

Others, however, are printed publications; for some of these we have been unable to trace any other recorded library copy, either in the UK or further afield. In many more cases it appears that we hold the only recorded UK copy. Statements on the uniqueness or rarity of printed items, particularly pamphlets, must always be treated with caution – some libraries holding collections of material of this type may only have catalogued them in manual form, meaning that they remain hidden to the user of online library catalogues – but even with this caveat borne in mind, there is no doubt that the FCDO Historical Collection contains much primary source material new to the historian.

The following are a sample of some rare items we have found to date in the collection:

• The first copy recorded outside Spain of Coronica de los moros de España by Jaime Bleda (1618)
• One of the most complete runs recorded of the Courier de l’Europe (1776–91), which aimed to make a pre-revolutionary French readership aware of British political life and which supported the American colonists in the War of Independence
• An otherwise unrecorded account by Richard Nash of Baron Rodney’s capture in 1781 of the Dutch Caribbean island of St. Eustatius
• The first recorded copy outside the USA of Augustin Brulley’s Essai sur la cochenille et le nopal (1796?), on the establishment of the dyeing industry in Haiti, using cochineal and nopalea
• An otherwise unrecorded German account of Malta, printed in 1798
• The first copy to be recorded outside Canada (and only the second copy to be recorded anywhere) of Rebels rewarded, or, The rebellion losses bill signed and the destruction of both houses of Parliament by fire!! (1849), a verse drama by Charles Smith on the 1837–8 Canadian rebellion

Modern pamphlet collection

Material catalogued so far from the modern pamphlet collection, comprising material dating from 1945 to the present day, provides excellent coverage of topics such as the break-up of the Soviet Union, the history of the European Common Market and European Community, the Balkans, Cyprus, South Africa during the apartheid era and the Iran-Iraq war.

Because of its completeness as a collection, the rarity of many of the items contained within it and the inherent fragility and vulnerability of the pamphlet format, this collection is housed within the Foyle Special Collections Library, despite the recent date of its contents.

Modern monograph collection

The modern monograph collection, also comprising material dating from 1945 to the present day, is a sizeable portion of the FCDO collection, numbering up to 15,000 items. Unless it is found to be inscribed, rare or otherwise unsuitable for general loan (e.g. through physical fragility), post-1945 items are transferred, once catalogued, to the open shelves of the Maughan Library, where they can be borrowed by members of King's and other registered library users. Items found to be rare or unique or which contain significant manuscript annotations are kept in the Foyle Special Collections Library with the rest of the FCDO Historical Collection.

Subject strengths

The FCDO Historical Collection complements and augments the existing strengths of the Foyle Special Collections Library’s collections in fields such as military history and strategy, the literature of exploration, discovery and travel, Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, Portugal and its former possessions, and Germany from 1918 to 1990. The collection also brings new areas of strength. Major subject strengths include:

• Exploration and discovery
• War and cold war
• Diplomacy and peace-keeping
• The growth, rule and decline of empires
• Colonial emigration and settlement
• The growth and abolition of the Atlantic slave trade
• The creation of the Commonwealth
• Trade, transport and communication
• Anthropology and natural history

FCDO material in exhibitions

We actively promote the collection to the King's community, the wider scholarly community and the general public through exhibitions, visits and talks. Many Library exhibitions have drawn on the FCDO Historical Collection and when exhibitions are taken down, they are digitised and made available online, as you will see from the links below.

Our first exhibition on the collection 'The pivot of the whole machinery': the historical library collection of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office provided an overview of its strengths and riches and ran from October to December 2007.

Other early exhibitions featured the history of zoology; exploration and early colonial history of Australia and New Zealand; and 500 years of world history as represented by the holdings of the FCDO Collection. This last exhibition featured material selected by notable academics, diplomats, friends and graduates of the University, broadcasters, politicians and other figures in the public eye. For further information on any of the exhibitions. please contact us

Online exhibitions

Please see the online exhibition index for a full gallery of online exhibitions and many examples of how items from the FCDO Collection have been used recently.

Some details of how we have used the FCDO Collection in exhibitions are available below.

‘I speak of Africa’: Europeans and Africa, 1500–1950

This exhibition explores, through five centuries of written accounts and visual representations, the changing nature of the European encounter with sub-Saharan Africa.

'The paradise of the world': conflict and society in the Caribbean

'The paradise of the world': conflict and society in the Caribbean, draws on the FCDO Historical Collection’s world class holdings of material on the Caribbean. The exhibition explores the documented history of this region, from the first Spanish settlements, through the age of slavery and sugar production to the development of post-emancipation societies and the rise of the tourist industry.

‘A brighter Hellas’: rediscovering Greece in the 19th century

This exhibition explores how Greece captured the imagination of British travellers, writers and artists during a period in which it fought for independence from the Ottoman Empire and emerged in 1833 as a new nation-state. It also examines the story of the Ionian Islands under British rule (the islands were a British Protectorate from 1815 to 1864), and this exploration of a little known episode in Britain’s imperial history was drawn exclusively from the FCDO Historical Collection.

Ploughing the sea: Latin America observed

In Ploughing the sea: Latin America observed we look at the sub-continent’s tumultuous history, particularly as affected by those foreign countries - Britain, Spain, Portugal and the United States among them - which have sought to gain a position of power or influence over Latin America’s destiny. Items included in this exhibition were drawn principally from the FCDO Historical Collection and from the library of Canning House, transferred to King's in 2012.

Imperial designs: technology and empire in the 19th century

In this exhibition we explore some of the technological achievements of the period when Britain arguably experienced the peak of her imperial and industrial power. In the years 1815 to 1870 she was undoubtedly the ‘workshop of the world’, and there was no rival posing both a military and an economic threat. We look at developments in railway and maritime transport, in telegraphic communication and in architecture, tunnelling and sanitary engineering, and at the role of scientific enquiry in furthering technical advance.

From woodcut to photograph: techniques of book illustration

‘A picture is worth a thousand words’ – this commonplace adage reflects a widespread appreciation of the value of the visual image as both an aid to understanding and a stimulus to emotional or aesthetic response. That appreciation is reflected in the long and varied history of book illustration and in the constant striving by printers, illustrators and inventors to develop better ways of reproducing illustrations accurately and economically - themes we explore in this exhibition.

Other exhibitions featuring many items from the FCDO Historical Collection are available to view through the main online exhibition index

Using the collection in teaching programmes

Working with colleagues in academic departments, we have continued to increase the number of seminars for undergraduate and postgraduate students involving material from the FCDO Historical Collection. These seminars typically last an hour and involve an introduction to the collection, followed by a detailed examination and discussion of a selection of items. In most cases students are expected to follow up this initial visit to the Foyle Special Collections Library with individual consultation of material as they prepare essays or other coursework.

Seminars have been run for BA History students taking the option in Australian history, for MA History students taking the MAs in Early Modern History, Modern History and World History and Cultures and for MA English students taking the MAs in Early Modern Literature: Text and Transmission, Eighteenth Century Studies and post-1850 English Literature.

In addition, organised visits to the Maughan and Foyle Special Collections libraries are run regularly for a variety of groups and individuals. Visiting groups are generally shown a display of material from our collections, including the FCDO Historical Collection, tailored to their interests. Please contact Katie Sambrook, Head of Special Collections, if you are interested in arranging a seminar or group visit.

Cataloguing projects

The 18-month project, Discovery and Empire: accessing resources in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Historical Collection, funded by the University of London Vice-Chancellor’s Development Fund, ran from January 2009 to July 2010. This cataloguing project targeted in particular material relating to the themes of exploration and discovery, colonial expansion, rivalry and settlement, slavery and mass emigration, and ranging in geographical coverage from Africa to North America to Australasia. The project exceeded its original target – to create catalogue records for 11,000 items – by a sizeable margin, delivering catalogue records for a total of 13,000 items. All pre-1801 monographs are now catalogued.

Through internal and external funding, cataloguing activity continues and is currently directed towards several discrete areas of the collection. Cataloguing is in progress for 19th century material on topics in which the collection is notably strong and/or which meet current teaching and research needs of departments within King’s, such as the abolition of the slave trade, the Caribbean, colonial emigration, arctic exploration and France’s Indian Ocean possessions. The Schilizzi Foundation has supported the cataloguing of material relating to Greece and Cyprus. A number of 18th-century items have been catalogued through funding from the Leche Trust. In addition, the John S Cohen Foundation has funded the cataloguing of a number of items of Jewish interest.

Principal aims in cataloguing

In cataloguing a collection such as this, which not only contains numerous individual items of rarity and significance but whose interest equally lies in its creation as a collection (when and how items were acquired, how they were handled and used by officials of the Foreign, Colonial and Dominions Offices), we have two principal aims: to create a full and accurate bibliographic record of each item and to assign appropriate and consistent index entries for people, places and subjects so that the researcher can identify items of potential interest.

Thus we note imperfections, such as missing maps or plates, the presence or otherwise of advertisement leaves (often of considerable interest to bibliographical or historical researchers) and evidence of early ownership, such as manuscript inscriptions, bookplates or armorial bindings; and we assign indexed headings for former owners (when we can identify them), printers, booksellers and publishers from the hand-press period, as well as for countries, regions, people and topics covered by each item.

We report all British, Irish, North American and other English language material with a pre-1801 publication date to the English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC ) project. All our catalogue collaborative library catalogues, such as the UK’s Jisc Library Hub Discover and the US-based OCLC WorldCat.

Other related collections elsewhere

The National Archives is the UK government’s official archive. Holdings include the records and photographs of:

• the Colonial Office (covering the period 1570–1990)
• the Dominions Office (covering the period 1843–1990)
• the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (covering the period 1918–2005)
• the Foreign Office (covering the period 1567–2004)
• the War Office (covering the period 1568–2007)

Readers wishing to consult material at the National Archives should be aware that government records remain closed for 30 years after their creation.

The National Archives have digitised some of the FCDO photographic collection on Africa and these are available to view at Africa through a lens.

The National Archives also houses a substantial reference library, containing over 65,000 volumes relating to local, national and international history. Please see its library catalogue for further details.

The British Library holds the records of the India Office. These include the records of:

• the East India Company (covering the period 1600–1858)
• the Board of Control or Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India (covering the period 1784–1858)
• the India Office (covering the period 1858–1947)
• the Burma Office (covering the period 1937–1948)

The School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London holds some material relating to China which was transferred from the FCDO Library.

The Institute of Commonwealth Studies of the University of London holds important collections of published and archival material on Commonwealth countries and their history.

The Churchill Archives Centre at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, holds the records of the British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, comprising interviews with former diplomats and other officials on aspects of their work.

Cambridge University Library holds the library of the Royal Commonwealth Society, founded in 1868 as the Colonial Society, containing over 300,000 printed items, 600 archival collections and over 100,000 photographs of the former British colonies. The RCS Official Publications Project aims to catalogue official publications from this collection that were published within the colonies themselves.

The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford has created a searchable database of the Foreign Office Confidential Print series.

The University of Manchester Special Collections also holds the pre-1920 volumes of the FCDO pamphlet collection, with information about this important complementary resource available here.

The British Empire and Commonwealth Collection based at Bristol Archives, consists of objects, photographs, films, papers and sound archives reflecting the occupations and interests of British people living and working in many parts of the former empire during the late 19th and 20th centuries. The new catalogue helps us to make more material available for people worldwide so they can examine difficult, forgotten or hidden histories from their own perspectives. We will be adding 15,000 entries initially, and providing access to over 7,000 digitised images and 200 films.

A catalogue of the diplomatic, consular, foreign service and foreign ministry lists dating from the 1950s to the 1990s, originally held at the FCO. Please contact us for further details on this material.

Electronic resources

The website of the FCDO contains:

• a section on its history, including a range of publications on historical themes.

Other useful electronic resources:

ADAM MATTHEW PRIMARY SOURCES

• Confidential Print: Africa
• Confidential Print: Latin America
• Foreign Office files for India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, Section 1-3
• Foreign Office files for China, Section 1-7
• East India Company, module 1-4
• Early Modern England
• Church Missionary Society periodicals

Access these titles individually by using the A-Z list of databases

British Online Archives (BOA)

• Apartheid Through the Eyes of South African Political Parties
• Colonial Law in Africa, 1920-1945 & 1946-1966
• Communisms and the Cold War- 1944 – 1986
• Establishing the Post-War International Order, 1944-1961
• Military Intelligence Files: Land, Sea & Air, 1938-1974
• Paris Peace Conference and Beyond, 1919-1939

Centre of African Studies (University of Cambridge - portal for African Studies)

Early Canadiana Online

Empire Online

Foreign Broadcast Information Service

FBIS Daily Reports 1941-1974 & 1974–1996. An archive of 20th Century news from around the world.

Note: access is via the proxy server, so users need to access via A-Z list of databases

House of Commons Parliamentary Papers

Secret Files from World Wars to Cold War: Intelligence, Strategy and Diplomacy

Spanning four key twentieth-century conflicts, with a spotlight on the Second World War, Secret Files from World Wars to Cold War provides access to British government secret intelligence and foreign policy files from 1873 to 1953.